1790+-+1815

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 * 1790 - 1815 (Congress of Vienna)**

National Assembly
National Assembly was a type of government during French Revolution in which three estates were together in a single body. The church was the first estate; the second estate was the nobility. The third estate was the common people: peasants, wage owners, and bourgeoisie. Although the bourgeoisie were acquiring noble privileges, they were technically the third estate. The third estate voted for itself to be called the national assembly. __The third estate would not follow any orders until clergy and nobility were turned into one body so ordered by the king.__ Louis XIV acknowledges the national assembly. All of the estates pledged the **oath of tennis court** would not disband until they wrote a constitution. The national assembly then changed to legislative assembly during **French revolution.**

**Reign of Terror**
Reign of terror during the French Revolution was seen as a **political weapon** by supplying terror to the home front. It was not directed to any class, although he was soft to the wealthy. The committee of the Public Safety tried “enemies of the nation” and rebels who tried to get political rights. It showed that France was under a **dictatorship of Robespierre** instead of a weak king. **Thermidorian reaction** was the after effect of Reign of terror and the execution of Robespierre.

Classical Liberalism
Classical Liberalism, also known as **Laissez Faire**, stresses individual freedoms, free markets, and limited government. **Adam Smith** wrote in his **Wealth of Nations** that Classical Liberalism would be beneficial to the world. Smith was aganist mercantilism and he said laissez faire would result in greater income for everyone economically and equal opportunity. Classical/ **economic liberalism** promoted economic growth in the Industrial Revolution.

**Robespierre**
Robespierre was a delegate of the **National Assembly** before becoming a Revolutionary leader for the French. Then he became a member of the **National Convention**, which included several Jacobins. the Jacobins were divided into two groups, the **Girondists**, and T**he Mountain**, which Robspierre and Danton were leaders of. The Mountain wanted to kill Louis XVI but the Girondists accepted that he was guilty but didn't want to kill him. Later, Robspierre and others from The Mountain joined the **Committee of Public Safety.** Together the worked to enginneer popular uprisings and arrest Girondists. Robspierre also establish a kind of **planned economy**. During the **Reign of Terror**, Robspierre and the Comittee of Public Safety tried and executed many "rebels". In the end, Robspierre himself was exectued by the guillotine. The Reign of Terror eventually led to the formation of the Directory and later Napolean's coup d etat.

Committee of Public Safety
After the execution of Louis XVI and the eventual possession of power by the **Mountain**, **Robespierre** and the Committee of Public Safety were granted dictatorial power by the **National Convention** to deal with the current national emergency. With this newfound power, the Committee established a **planned economy** that included price regulations and rationing. However, in addition to regulating the economy, the Committee of Public Safety also instituted radical forms of control, such as the establishment of revolutionary courts and execution by the guillotine, during the **Reign of Terror** to "solidify the homefront." Eventually, the Committee of Public Safety dissolved with the execution of Robespierre, giving way to the **Thermidorian reaction** and the creation of the Directory.

The Jacobins, a political group formed in Paris at the beginning of the French Revolution, made up much of the **Legislative Assembly** (which declared war on Austria and destroyed the French monarchy) and the **National Convention**. Within this republican group, the Jacobins were split into two competitive rival factions: the **Girondists** and the **Mountain** (which was led by **Robespierre** and Danton). The **Girondists** and the **Mountain** disagreed on key issues, such as the execution of Louis XVI. (The more radical **Mountain** faction won that decision, and had the monarch sent to the guillotine.) Eventually, the **Mountain** joined forces with the **sans-culottes** (poor workers and traders) and took over, leading to the establishment of the **Committee of Public Safety** and the **Reign of Terror**.

The Thermidorian Reaction and The Directory (1794-1799)
The Termidorian Reaction, marks the time when **Robespierre** was executed, on the 9th of Thermidor, (July 27, 1794). The cuases that led to the Thermidorian Reaction began with the success of the French armies which allowed Robespierre and the **Committee of Public Saftey** to loosen their controls on economy, however they did not stop their political **Reign of Terror**. In early 1794, Robespierre wiped out all the people who believed that Robespierre was not radical enough, he brought all these people to the guillotine, including **Georges Danton.** Many radicals and moderates were furious at Robespierre while he was speaking to the **National Convention** and they decided that the next day would be death to Robespierre. This Thermidorian Reaction overthrew the despotism of the Reign of Terror. After the death of Robespierre, the government was disorganized, and the National Convention retracted economic controls and the prices rose greatly, this made the common people revolt in 1795. Because of many peasant revolutions, the National Convention, wrote another Constitution, this made a new assembly and this assembly would choose a five man board---**The Directory,** which ruled as a constitutional monarchy. The Directory was later ended by Napoleon Bonaparte who turned the strong dictatorship of the Directory, into a weak government, although he was trying to do otherwise.

Napoleon Bonaparte (1799-1815)
Napoleon Bonaparte came to rescue France in 1799 with the idea that France needed to be unified and the civil frictions must be diminished. Bonaparte was born in Corsica, poor noble family. Napoleon along with Sieyes, organized an upheaval of the Directory, which would bring Napoleon into power. Napoleon used his immense personal powers to keep order and put an end to civil tensions. He worked out agreements with dominant groups in France for loyal service, he also made a bargain with the middle class known as **The Civil Code of 1804,** which was laid on the principle of liberty and equality. Napoleon also established a **Bank of France**, which served the intrests of the state and the oligarchy. Napoleon also greatly appealed to peasants, who loved his new economic order. Napoleon also wanted to unify under religion so he signed the **Conordat of 1801 with Pope Pius VII** to heal religious division and bring social peace to France. The greatest achievement that Napoleon accomplished were the domestic reforms that he established. After Napoleon's attempts at war's to add to his ever increasing Empire, the epitome of his fall was the **retreat from Russia, which was the greatest military disaster** in history. Napoleon then abdicated his throne, and the **Bourbon dynasty** was restored by the Allies.

The Napoleonic Code was established during **Napoleon Bonaparte** reign in France. It was his agreement with the middle class because it was the first to establish rule of law (the protection of individual rights). Although not the first legal code established in Europe, it was the first modern body of law, and it effected the entire world. It set the perfect example for other European countries. Napoleonic Code was the first modern version of **Roman Law**.

**Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815)**
The Napeonic Wars were a series of wars that were Napoleon's conquest of Europe. France quickly gained power and land, and just as quickly they lost it due to the invasion of Russia (1812). France was then militarily defeated and that resulted in the restoration of the **Bourban monarchy**. The Napoleonic Wars was one of the first time mass conscription (forced labor of the entire country) was applied. The fall of the French and the Holy Roman Empire resulted in the British Empire becoming the world power for over a century (until we came along!).

The Industrious Revolution (aka Agricultural Revolution II)
During the **late 17th and early 18th Century**, the Industrious Revolution emerged to describe the social **and economic changes occuring in Europe**. This was important because __women and children transitioned from primarily focusing on producing goods for the household and into wage earning work__ ( MK 633). This new type of work also gave women new opportunities in the work environment, however women were discriminated against, given __bad jobs at extremely low wages__. On the other hand, women earned a new household position, being more in charge of household decisions (MK633). This was significant because it led the way for the **Industrial Revolution**, due to **new styles of labor**.

=Balance of Power=

From 1780 to 1860 a new revolution in energy and industry drastically changed the lives of every single European. The most significant change was the change in the balance of power. The new balance of power was which nation could industrialize the fastest. The Industrious Revolution began in Britain, therefore Britain soon became the most powerful nation. The economy also changed the balance of power because many nations began to raise tariffs on foreign goods.

=Congress of Viena=

For centuaries Italy has been divide among many strong nations. Once the age of nationalism began the feelings for a free and independent state began to grow. Finally, "Italy was reorganized in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna" (MK 818). The division gave Lombardy and Venetia to Metternich's Austria. Many new independent states were formed. The most significant new nation was the Italian Monarch.

Corn Laws 1815
==== ** The Corn Laws were created to protect farmers from their wartime euphoria. It allowed no forigne corn to be imported imported into England. This caused great distress for the middle class for they could not grow their own corn and couldn't afford corn in their area to stay alive. They had to pay high priced for corn. ** ====